Cellulose ether
Cellulose ether bụ okwu n'ozuzu maka usoro ngwaahịa na-emepụta site na mmeghachi omume nke cellulose alkali na etherifying n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.Alkali cellulose na-anọchi anya dị iche iche etherifying ọrụ iji nweta dị iche iche cellulose ether.Dị ka ionization Njirimara nke nnọchi, cellulose ethers nwere ike kewaa ụzọ abụọ: ionic (dị ka carboxymethyl cellulose) na-abụghị ionic (dị ka methyl cellulose).Dị ka ụdị nnọchi, ether cellulose nwere ike kewaa monoether (dị ka methyl cellulose) na ngwakọta ether (dị ka hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose).Dị ka dị iche iche solubility, ọ nwere ike kewara n'ime mmiri-soluble (dị ka hydroxyethyl cellulose) na organic mgbaze-soluble (dị ka ethyl cellulose), wdg Dry-agwakọta ngwa agha bụ tumadi mmiri-soluble cellulose, na mmiri-soluble cellulose bụ. kewara n'ime ụdị ngwa ngwa na elu ọgwụgwọ na-egbu oge ụdị mgbasa.
Usoro ọrụ nke cellulose ether na ngwa agha bụ ndị a:
(1) Mgbe ether cellulose dị na ngwa agha gbazere na mmiri, a na-eme ka nkesa dị irè na nke dị n'otu nke cimenti dị na usoro ahụ n'ihi ọrụ elu, na ether cellulose, dị ka colloid nchebe, "na-ekpuchi" ihe siri ike. A na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka ihe nkiri na-egbuke egbuke na-emepụta ihe nkiri na-egbuke egbuke n'elu elu ya, nke na-eme ka usoro ngwa agha dịkwuo mma, ma na-eme ka mmiri dị nro nke ngwa agha ahụ dịkwuo mma n'oge usoro ngwakọta na ire ụtọ nke ihe owuwu.
(2) N'ihi usoro ihe omimi nke ya, ihe ngwọta cellulose ether na-eme ka mmiri dị na ngwa ngwa ghara ịdị mfe, ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ hapụ ya ogologo oge, na-enye ngwa agha ahụ nke ọma na njide mmiri na ịrụ ọrụ.
1. Methylcellulose (MC)
Mgbe ejiri alkali mesoo owu a nụchara anụcha, a na-emepụta cellulose ether site na mmeghachi omume nke methane chloride dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe.N'ozuzu, ogo nke nnọchi bụ 1.6 ~ 2.0, na solubility dịkwa iche na ọkwa dị iche iche nke nnọchi.Ọ bụ nke cellulose ether na-abụghị ionic.
(1) Methylcellulose na-agbaze na mmiri oyi, ọ ga-esikwa ike igbari na mmiri ọkụ.Ihe ngwọta ya na-edozi ahụ kwụsiri ike na pH = 3 ~ 12.Ọ nwere ezigbo ndakọrịta na starch, guar gum, wdg na ọtụtụ surfactants.Mgbe okpomọkụ na-erute okpomọkụ gelation, gelation na-eme.
(2) Njide mmiri nke methyl cellulose na-adabere na ego mgbakwunye ya, viscosity, urughuru mma na mgbasa ozi.N'ozuzu, ọ bụrụ na ego mgbakwunye buru ibu, ịdị mma dị ntakịrị, na viscosity dị ukwuu, ọnụ ọgụgụ njide mmiri dị elu.N'ime ha, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mgbakwunye na-enwe mmetụta kachasị ukwuu na njide mmiri, na ọkwa nke viscosity adịghị adabere kpọmkwem na ọkwa nke njide mmiri.The mgbasa ọnụego tumadi na-adabere n'ókè nke elu mgbanwe nke cellulose ahụ na urughuru fineness.N'ime cellulose ethers dị n'elu, methyl cellulose na hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ njide mmiri dị elu.
(3) Mgbanwe na okpomọkụ ga-emetụta oke njide mmiri nke methyl cellulose.N'ozuzu, ka okpomọkụ dị elu, na-akawanye njọ njigide mmiri.Ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ nke ngwa agha gafere 40 Celsius, njide mmiri nke methyl cellulose ga-ebelata nke ukwuu, na-emetụta nrụnye ngwa ngwa.
(4) Methyl cellulose nwere mmetụta dị ịrịba ama n'iwu na adhesion nke ngwa agha.“Adhesion” ebe a na-ezo aka na ike nrapado a na-enwe n'etiti ngwa ngwa onye ọrụ na mkpụrụ mgbidi, ya bụ, nkwụsi ike nke ngwa agha ahụ.Nchikota dị elu, nkwụsị nke mgbochi nke ngwa agha dị ukwuu, na ike nke ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-arụkwa ọrụ buru ibu, na ịrụ ọrụ nke ngwa agha adịghị mma.Methyl cellulose adhesion dị na agafeghị oke na ngwaahịa ether cellulose.
2. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC)
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose bụ ụdị cellulose nke mmepụta na oriri ya na-abawanye ngwa ngwa n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya.Ọ bụ ether na-abụghị ionic cellulose agwakọta nke sitere na owu a nụchara anụcha mgbe alkalization, na-eji propylene oxide na methyl chloride dị ka onye na-ahụ maka etherification, site na usoro mmeghachi omume.Ogo nke nnọchi bụ n'ozuzu 1.2 ~ 2.0.Ngwongwo ya dị iche iche n'ihi oke dị iche iche nke ọdịnaya metxyl na ọdịnaya hydroxypropyl.
(1) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose na-adị mfe mgbaze na mmiri oyi, ọ ga-enwekwa ihe isi ike na igbari na mmiri ọkụ.Ma gelation okpomọkụ ya na mmiri ọkụ dị nnọọ elu karịa nke methyl cellulose.A na-emeziwanye ihe solubility na mmiri oyi ma e jiri ya tụnyere methyl cellulose.
(2) Viscosity nke hydroxypropyl methylcellulose na-ejikọta ya na arọ molekụla ya, na ibu ibu nke molekụla, otú ahụ ka viscosity dị elu.Okpomọkụ na-emetụtakwa viscosity ya, ka okpomọkụ na-abawanye, viscosity na-ebelata.Otú ọ dị, nnukwu viscosity ya nwere mmetụta okpomọkụ dị ala karịa methyl cellulose.Ngwọta ya kwụsiri ike mgbe echekwara ya na ụlọ okpomọkụ.
(3) Njide mmiri nke hydroxypropyl methylcellulose na-adabere na ego mgbakwunye ya, viscosity, wdg, na ọnụ ọgụgụ njide mmiri ya n'okpuru otu ihe mgbakwunye ahụ dị elu karịa nke methyl cellulose.
(4) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kwụsiri ike na acid na alkali, na ngwọta mmiri ya kwụsiri ike na pH = 2 ~ 12.Caustic soda na mmiri lime enweghị mmetụta dị nta na arụmọrụ ya, mana alkali nwere ike mee ka mgbasa ya dị ngwa ma mee ka viscosity ya dịkwuo elu.Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kwụsiri ike na nnu nkịtị, ma mgbe ntinye nke ngwọta nnu dị elu, viscosity nke hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ngwọta na-ebuli elu.
(5) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose nwere ike ịgwakọta ya na mmiri-soluble polymer ogige na-etolite a edo na elu viscosity ngwọta.Dị ka mmanya polyvinyl, starch ether, chịngọm akwukwo nri, wdg.
(6) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose nwere nguzogide enzyme dị mma karịa methylcellulose, na ngwọta ya adịkwaghị ka ọ ga-emebi site na enzymes karịa methylcellulose.
(7) Nrapanye nke hydroxypropyl methylcellulose na mgbidi ngwa agha dị elu karịa nke methylcellulose.
3. Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)
A na-eme ya site na owu a nụchara anụcha na alkali, wee meghachi omume na ethylene oxide dị ka onye na-eme ka etherification na ọnụnọ acetone.Ogo nke nnọchi bụ n'ozuzu 1.5 ~ 2.0.Nwere hydrophilicity siri ike ma dị mfe ịmịkọrọ mmiri
(1) Hydroxyethyl cellulose na-agbaze na mmiri oyi, ma ọ na-esiri ike igbari na mmiri ọkụ.Ngwọta ya kwụsiri ike na oke okpomọkụ na-enweghị gelling.Enwere ike iji ya ogologo oge n'okpuru nnukwu okpomọkụ na ngwa agha, mana njide mmiri ya dị ala karịa nke methyl cellulose.
(2) Hydroxyethyl cellulose kwụsiri ike ruo n'ozuzu acid na alkali.Alkali nwere ike mee ka mgbasa ya dịkwuo ngwa ma mee ka viscosity ya dịkwuo ntakịrị.Mgbasa ya na mmiri dị ntakịrị njọ karịa nke methyl cellulose na hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose..
(3) Hydroxyethyl cellulose nwere ezigbo mgbochi sag arụmọrụ maka ngwa agha, ma ọ nwere ogologo oge na-azụ azụ maka ciment.
(4) Arụmọrụ nke hydroxyethyl cellulose nke ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ na-emepụta dị ala karịa nke methyl cellulose n'ihi nnukwu mmiri na ọdịnaya ntụ dị elu.
4. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)
A na-eme ether cellulose ionic site na eriri eke (owu, wdg) mgbe ọgwụgwọ alkali gasịrị, na-eji sodium monochloroacetate dị ka onye na-ahụ maka etherification, ma na-enweta usoro ọgwụgwọ mmeghachi omume.Ogo nke nnọchi n'ozuzu bụ 0.4 ~ 1.4, na ogo nke nnọchi na-emetụta arụmọrụ ya nke ukwuu.
(1) Carboxymethyl cellulose bụ ihe hygroscopic karịa, ọ ga-enwekwa mmiri karịa mgbe echekwara ya n'okpuru ọnọdụ izugbe.
(2) Carboxymethyl cellulose ngwọta mmiri agaghị emepụta gel, na viscosity ga-ebelata na mmụba nke okpomọkụ.Mgbe okpomọkụ gafere 50 Celsius, viscosity agaghị agbanwe agbanwe.
(3) Nkwụsi ike ya na-emetụta pH nke ukwuu.N'ozuzu, enwere ike iji ya na ngwa ngwa gypsum, ma ọ bụghị n'igwe simenti.Mgbe nnukwu alkaline, ọ na-efunahụ viscosity.
(4) Njide mmiri ya dị nnọọ ala karịa nke methyl cellulose.Ọ na-enwe mmetụta azụ azụ na ngwa agha nke gypsum ma na-ebelata ike ya.Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ahịa carboxymethyl cellulose dị nnọọ ala karịa nke methyl cellulose.
Polymer roba ntụ ntụ na-agbanwe agbanwe
A na-edozi ntụ ntụ rọba na-agbanwe agbanwe site na ihicha ihicha nke emulsion polymer pụrụ iche.N'ime usoro nhazi, colloid na-echebe, onye na-eme ihe na-emepụta ihe, wdg na-aghọ ihe mgbakwunye dị mkpa.The Fikiere roba ntụ ntụ bụ ụfọdụ okirikiri ahụ nke 80 ~ 100mm gbakọtara ọnụ.Ihe ndị a soluble na mmiri na-etolite a anụ dispersion ubé ibu karịa mbụ emulsion ahụ.Mgbasa a ga-etolite ihe nkiri mgbe akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ na ihicha.Ihe nkiri a bụ ihe a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha dị ka nhazi ihe nkiri emulsion n'ozuzu, ọ gaghịkwa agbasa mgbe ọ zutere mmiri.Mgbasa.
Enwere ike kewaa ntụ ntụ roba na-agbanwe agbanwe: styrene-butadiene copolymer, tertiary carbonic acid ethylene copolymer, ethylene-acetate acetic acid copolymer, wdg, dabere na nke a, silicone, vinyl laurate, wdg na-anyadokwa iji meziwanye arụmọrụ.Usoro mgbanwe dị iche iche na-eme ka ntụ ntụ rọba na-agbanwe agbanwe nwere ihe dị iche iche dị ka mmiri na-eguzogide mmiri, nkwụsị alkali, nkwụsị ihu igwe na mgbanwe.Nwere vinyl laurate na silicone, nke nwere ike ime ka ntụ ntụ rọba nwee ezigbo hydrophobicity.vinyl tertiary carbonate nwere nnukwu alaka nwere uru Tg dị ala yana ezigbo mgbanwe.
Mgbe a na-etinye ụdị ntụ ntụ rọba ndị a na ngwa agha, ha niile na-enwe mmetụta na-egbu oge na nhazi oge ciment, ma mmetụta na-egbu oge dị ntakịrị karịa nke ngwa ngwa nke emulsions yiri ya.N'iji ya tụnyere, styrene-butadiene nwere mmetụta nkwụsị nke kasị ukwuu, na ethylene-vinyl acetate nwere mmetụta nkwụsịtụ kacha nta.Ọ bụrụ na usoro onunu ogwu ahụ dị ntakịrị, mmetụta nke imeziwanye arụmọrụ nke ngwa agha adịghị apụta ìhè.
Polypropylene eriri
A na-eme eriri polypropylene nke polypropylene dị ka akụrụngwa na ọnụọgụ mgbanwe kwesịrị ekwesị.The eriri dayameta bụ n'ozuzu banyere 40 microns, na tensile ike bụ 300 ~ 400mpa, na-agbanwe modulus bụ ≥3500mpa, na kacha elongation bụ 15 ~ 18%.Njirimara arụmọrụ ya:
(1) A na-ekesa eriri polypropylene n'otu n'otu n'ụzọ atọ na-enweghị usoro na ngwa agha, na-eme usoro nkwado netwọkụ.Ọ bụrụ na 1 n'arọ nke polypropylene fiber na-agbakwunyere na nke ọ bụla ton nke ngwa agha, ihe karịrị 30 nde monofilament fibers nwere ike nweta.
(2) Ịtinye eriri polypropylene na ngwa agha ahụ nwere ike belata nkwụsị nke ngwa agha ahụ nke ọma na steeti plastik.Ma a na-ahụ oghere ndị a ma ọ bụ na ha anaghị ahụ.Ma ọ nwere ike budata ibelata elu ọbara ọgbụgba na mkpokọta mmezi nke ọhụrụ ngwa agha.
(3) Maka ngwa agha ahụ siri ike, eriri polypropylene nwere ike belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nrụrụ mgbawa.Ya bụ, mgbe anụ ahụ na-esi ike ngwa agha na-emepụta nchekasị n'ihi nrụrụ, ọ nwere ike iguzogide ma bufee nrụgide.Mgbe ngwa agha ahụ na-eme ka ahụ sie ike, ọ nwere ike ịkwụsị itinye uche na mgbakasị ahụ n'ọnụ ọnụ mgbape ahụ wee gbochie mgbasawanye mgbape ahụ.
(4) Mgbasa nke ọma nke eriri polypropylene na mmepụta ngwa agha ga-abụ nsogbu siri ike.Ngwakọta ngwa, eriri ụdị na usoro onunu ogwu, ngwa agha ruru na usoro ya niile ga-abụ ihe dị mkpa na-emetụta mgbasa.
onye na-ahụ maka ikuku
Ihe na-eme ikuku bụ ụdị surfactant nke nwere ike ịmepụta afụ ikuku kwụsiri ike na kọmpụta ma ọ bụ ngwa agha ọhụrụ site na usoro anụ ahụ.tumadi gụnyere: rosin na thermal polymers, non-ion surfactants, alkylbenzene sulfonates, lignosulfonates, carboxylic acid na ha salts, wdg.
A na-ejikarị ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka ikuku na-edozi ngwa ngwa plasta na ngwa agha masonry.N'ihi mgbakwunye nke ihe na-enye ikuku, a ga-ebute mgbanwe ụfọdụ na arụ ọrụ ngwa agha.
(1) N'ihi iwebata ikuku ikuku, ịdị mfe na ịrụ ngwa ngwa agwakọta ọhụrụ nwere ike ịbawanye ụba, ọbara ọgbụgba nwere ike belata.
(2) Naanị iji onye na-eme ihe na-eme ka ikuku na-eme ka ọ dị elu ga-ebelata ike na ngbanwe nke ebu na ngwa agha.Ọ bụrụ na a na-eji ihe na-eme ka ikuku na-eme ka ikuku na-eme ka mmiri na-emepụta ihe na-emekọ ihe ọnụ, na nha ahụ kwesịrị ekwesị, uru ike agaghị ebelata.
(3) Ọ nwere ike melite ntu oyi nke ngwa agha siri ike, melite impermeability nke ngwa agha, ma melite nguzogide mbuze nke ngwa agha siri ike.
(4) Onye na-eme ihe na-eme ka ikuku dị elu ga-eme ka ikuku nke ngwa agha dịkwuo elu, nke ga-eme ka nkwụsị nke ngwa agha dịkwuo elu, na ọnụ ahịa nkwụsịtụ nwere ike belata nke ọma site n'ịgbakwunye ihe na-ebelata mmiri.
Ebe ọ bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe na-eme ka ikuku gbakwunyere dị ntakịrị, n'ozuzu ya bụ nanị ole na ole n'ime puku kwuru puku nke ngụkọta nke ihe cimenti, a ghaghị ijide n'aka na a na-agbanye ya nke ọma ma gwakọta ya n'oge mmepụta ngwa agha;ihe ndị dị ka usoro mkpali na oge mkpali ga-emetụta oke ikuku na-eku ume.Ya mere, n'okpuru mmepụta ụlọ na ọnọdụ ihe owuwu ugbu a, ịtinye ihe ndị na-eme ka ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na ngwa agha chọrọ ọtụtụ ọrụ nyocha.
onye ọrụ ike mmalite
A na-ejikarị ihe ndị na-emepụta ike mbụ nke sulfate eme ihe, gụnyere gụnyere sodium sulfate, sodium thiosulfate, aluminum sulfate na potassium aluminum sulfate.
N'ozuzu, a na-eji sodium sulfate anhydrous eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe, na usoro ọgwụgwọ ya dị ala na mmetụta nke ike mmalite dị mma, ma ọ bụrụ na usoro onunu ogwu dị oke ibu, ọ ga-eme ka mgbasawanye na mgbawa na njedebe ikpeazụ, na n'otu oge ahụ, alkali laghachi. ga-eme, nke ga-emetụta ọdịdị na mmetụta nke elu mma oyi akwa.
Calcium formate bụkwa ezigbo ihe na-egbochi friza.Ọ nwere mmetụta dị mma n'oge mbụ, obere mmetụta na-adịghị mma, ezigbo ndakọrịta na admixtures ndị ọzọ, na ọtụtụ ihe onwunwe dị mma karịa ndị na-ahụ maka ike sulfate n'oge, mana ọnụahịa dị elu.
mgbochi friza
Ọ bụrụ na a na-eji ngwa agha eme ihe na okpomọkụ na-adịghị mma, ọ bụrụ na emeghị ihe mgbochi mgbochi, mmebi ntu oyi ga-eme na ike nke ahụ siri ike ga-ebibi.Mgbochi oyi na-egbochi mmebi oyi site n'ụzọ abụọ iji gbochie oyi na imeziwanye ike mbụ nke ngwa agha.
N'ime ihe ndị na-egbu egbu egbu, calcium nitrite na sodium nitrite nwere mmetụta antifirizi kacha mma.Ebe ọ bụ na calcium nitrite enweghị potassium na sodium ion, ọ nwere ike ibelata ihe omume alkali aggregate mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe, mana ọrụ ya dị ntakịrị ogbenye mgbe ejiri ya na ngwa agha, ebe sodium nitrite nwere ọrụ ka mma.A na-eji mgbochi friza na-ejikọta ya na onye na-ahụ maka ike mmalite na ihe na-ebelata mmiri iji nweta nsonaazụ na-eju afọ.Mgbe a na-eji ngwa ngwa agwakọta akpọnwụ akpọnwụ akpọnwụ akpọnwụ akpọnwụ akpọnwụ akpọnwụ akpọnwụ akpọnwụ akpọnwụ akpọnwụ akpọnwụn, n'ọhụhụ ihiẹn-oriri rị a rị a rị mma, dị ka ịgwakọta na mmiri ọkụ.
Ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke antifreeze dị oke elu, ọ ga-ebelata ike nke ngwa agha ahụ na njedebe ikpeazụ, na elu nke ngwa agha siri ike ga-enwe nsogbu dị ka nlọghachi alkali, nke ga-emetụta ọdịdị ahụ na mmetụta nke oyi akwa mma nke elu. .
Oge nzipu: Jan-16-2023