1. Mkpa nke njigide mmiri
Ụdị ntọala niile na-achọ ngwa agha maka ihe owuwu nwere ụfọdụ ogo mmịnye mmiri. Mgbe akwa oyi akwa na-amịkọrọ mmiri n'ime ngwa agha ahụ, arụ ọrụ nke ngwa agha ahụ ga-akawanye njọ, na n'ọnọdụ ndị siri ike, ihe simenti dị na ngwa agha ahụ agaghị adịcha mma, na-eme ka ike dị ala, karịsịa ike interface n'etiti ngwa agha siri ike. na akwa oyi akwa , na-eme ka ngwa agha ahụ gbawaa wee daa. Ọ bụrụ na ngwa agha plasta nwere ọrụ njigide mmiri kwesịrị ekwesị, ọ bụghị naanị na ọ ga-eme ka arụ ọrụ nke ụrọ ahụ dịkwuo mma, ma mee ka mmiri dị na ngwa agha sie ike na-etinye uche na oyi akwa isi ma hụ na hydration zuru oke nke ciment.
2. Nsogbu na ụzọ omenala mmiri na-ejigide
Ihe ngwọta ọdịnala bụ ịgbanye isi mmiri, ma ọ gaghị ekwe omume iji hụ na isi ahụ na-eme ka ọ dị nro. Ebumnuche hydration dị mma nke ngwa ngwa ciment na isi bụ na ngwaahịa hydration ciment na-amịkọrọ mmiri yana isi, banye n'ime isi, wee mepụta "njikọ isi" dị irè na isi, iji nweta ike njikọ achọrọ. Ịgbara mmiri ozugbo n'elu ala ahụ ga-eme ka mgbasa dị egwu na mmịnye mmiri nke isi n'ihi ọdịiche dị na okpomọkụ, oge ịgba mmiri, na ịdị n'otu mmiri. Ihe mgbakwasị ahụ nwere obere mmịnye mmiri ma ga-aga n'ihu na-etinye mmiri na ngwa ngwa. Tupu hydration ciment na-aga n'ihu, a na-etinye mmiri ahụ, nke na-emetụta hydration ciment na ntinye nke ngwaahịa hydration n'ime matrix; ntọala ahụ nwere nnukwu mmịpụta mmiri, na mmiri dị na ngwa ngwa na-asọba na isi. Ọsọ ọsọ nke ọkara na-adị ngwa ngwa, na ọbụna akwa akwa mmiri na-etolite n'etiti ngwa agha na matriks, nke na-emetụtakwa ike nkekọ. Ya mere, iji usoro ịgbara mmiri na-emekarị agaghị eme ka ọ bụrụ nke ọma na-edozi nsogbu nke mmiri dị elu nke mgbidi mgbidi, ma ọ ga-emetụta ike njikọ dị n'etiti ngwa agha na isi, na-eme ka oghere na mgbawa.
3. Ihe ndị chọrọ ngwa ngwa dị iche iche maka ijide mmiri
A na-atụpụta ọnụego njide mmiri maka plasta ngwa ngwa a na-eji n'otu mpaghara na mpaghara nwere ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na iru mmiri dị n'okpuru.
①Elu mmiri absorption mkpụrụ plasta ngwa agha
Ihe ndị na-emepụta mmiri dị elu na-anọchi anya ihe ikuku na-ekpuchi ikuku, gụnyere mbadamba akụkụ dị iche iche dị fechaa, ngọngọ, wdg, nwere àgwà nke nnukwu mmiri na-eri na ogologo oge. Ngwunye plasta a na-eji maka ụdị oyi akwa a kwesịrị inwe njide mmiri na-erughị 88%.
②Mmiri nnabata mmiri dị ala plasta ngwa agha
Ihe ntinye mmiri dị ala nke ihe nkedo na-anọchi anya ya, gụnyere mbadamba polystyrene maka mkpuchi mgbidi dị n'èzí, wdg, nwere obere mmịnye mmiri. Ngwa ngwa plasta a na-eji eme ihe ndị dị otú ahụ kwesịrị inwe njide mmiri na-erughị 88%.
③ Ngwa ngwa plasta oyi akwa
Ihe nkedo dị obere na-ezo aka n'ihe owuwu nke plasta nwere ọkpụrụkpụ oyi akwa dị n'etiti 3 na 8 mm. Ụdị ihe owuwu nke plasta dị mfe ịhapụ mmiri n'ihi akwa akwa akwa akwa, nke na-emetụta ọrụ na ike. Maka ngwa agha a na-eji maka ụdị plasta a, ọnụ ọgụgụ njide mmiri ya abụghị ihe na-erughị 99%.
④ Igwe akwa akwa akwa akwa akwa
Ọkpụkpụ akwa akwa na-ezo aka n'ihe owuwu nke plasta ebe ọkpụrụkpụ nke otu akwa akwa dị n'etiti 8mm na 20mm. Ụdị ihe owuwu a na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị mfe mmiri n'ihi akwa akwa akwa akwa akwa, ya mere ọnụ ọgụgụ njide mmiri nke ngwa ngwa nke plasta ekwesịghị ịbụ ihe na-erughị 88%.
⑤ Putty na-eguzogide mmiri
A na-eji putty na-eguzogide mmiri mee ihe dị ka ihe plasta dị oke mkpa, na ọkpụrụkpụ ihe owuwu n'ozuzu dị n'etiti 1 na 2mm. Ihe ndị dị otú ahụ chọrọ ihe njigide mmiri dị oke elu iji hụ na arụ ọrụ ha na ike njikọ ha. Maka ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe, ọnụ ọgụgụ njide mmiri ya ekwesịghị ịbụ ihe na-erughị 99%, na ntinye mmiri nke putty maka mgbidi dị n'èzí kwesịrị ịdị ukwuu karịa nke putty maka mgbidi ime.
4. Ụdị ihe eji echekwa mmiri
Cellulose ether
1) Methyl cellulose ether (MC)
2) Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
3) Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)
4) Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC)
5) Hydroxyethyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HEMC)
Starch ether
1) gbanwetụrụ starch ether
2) Nchekwa ether
Mgbanwe ịnweta mmiri na-ejigide thickener (montmorillonite, bentonite, wdg)
Ise, ndị na-esonụ na-elekwasị anya na arụmọrụ nke ihe dị iche iche
1. Cellulose ether
1.1 Nchịkọta nke Cellulose Ether
Cellulose ether bụ okwu n'ozuzu maka usoro ngwaahịa nke e mepụtara site na mmeghachi omume nke cellulose alkali na etherification n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. A na-enweta ethers cellulose dị iche iche n'ihi na a na-eji ihe dị iche iche etherification dochie eriri alkali. Dị ka ionization Njirimara nke ndị nnọchi ya, cellulose ethers nwere ike kewaa ụzọ abụọ: ionic, dị ka carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), na nonionic, dị ka methyl cellulose (MC).
Dị ka ụdị nke nnọchi, cellulose ethers nwere ike kewaa monoethers, dị ka methyl cellulose ether (MC), na agwakọta ethers, dị ka hydroxyethyl carboxymethyl cellulose ether (HECMC). Dị ka ihe mgbaze dị iche iche ọ na-agbaze, enwere ike kewaa ya n'ime ụdị abụọ: mmiri na-agbaze na organic ihe mgbaze-soluble.
1.2 Isi cellulose iche
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), ogo bara uru nke nnọchi: 0.4-1.4; onye na-ahụ maka etherification, monooxyacetic acid; mgbaze mgbaze, mmiri;
Carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (CMHEC), akara bara uru nke nnọchi: 0.7-1.0; onye na-ahụ maka etherification, monooxyacetic acid, ethylene oxide; mgbaze mgbaze, mmiri;
Methylcellulose (MC), ogo bara uru nke nnọchi: 1.5-2.4; onye na-ahụ maka etherification, methyl chloride; mgbaze mgbaze, mmiri;
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), ogo bara uru nke nnọchi: 1.3-3.0; onye na-emepụta ihe, ethylene oxide; mgbaze mgbaze, mmiri;
Hydroxyethyl methylcellulose (HEMC), ogo bara uru nke nnọchi: 1.5-2.0; ihe na-emepụta ihe, ethylene oxide, methyl chloride; mgbaze mgbaze, mmiri;
Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), ogo bara uru nke nnọchi: 2.5-3.5; onye na-ahụ maka etherification, propylene oxide; mgbaze ihe mgbaze, mmiri;
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), ogo bara uru nke nnọchi: 1.5-2.0; ihe etherification, propylene oxide, methyl chloride; mgbaze mgbaze, mmiri;
Ethyl cellulose (EC), ogo bara uru nke nnọchi: 2.3-2.6; onye na-ahụ maka etherification, monochloroethane; ihe mgbaze, ihe mgbaze organic;
Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), ogo bara uru nke nnọchi: 2.4-2.8; ihe na-emepụta ihe, monochloroethane, ethylene oxide; ihe mgbaze, ihe mgbaze organic;
1.3 Njirimara nke cellulose
1.3.1 Methyl cellulose ether (MC)
① Methylcellulose bụ soluble na mmiri oyi, ọ ga-esikwa ike igbari na mmiri ọkụ. Ngwọta mmiri ya kwụsiri ike na oke PH = 3-12. Ọ nwere ezigbo ndakọrịta na starch, guar gum, wdg na ọtụtụ surfactants. Mgbe okpomọkụ na-erute okpomọkụ gelation, gelation na-eme.
②Mkpụrụ mmiri nke methylcellulose na-adabere na ego mgbakwunye ya, viscosity, urughuru mma na mgbasa ozi. N'ozuzu, ọ bụrụ na ego mgbakwunye buru ibu, ịdị mma dị ntakịrị, na viscosity dị ukwuu, njide mmiri dị elu. N'ime ha, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mgbakwunye nwere mmetụta kasị ukwuu na njide mmiri, na viscosity kasị ala adịghị adabara kpọmkwem na ọkwa nke njide mmiri. The mgbasa ọnụego tumadi na-adabere n'ókè nke elu mgbanwe nke cellulose ahụ na urughuru fineness. N'etiti cellulose ethers, methyl cellulose nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke njide mmiri.
③Mgbanwe nke okpomọkụ ga-emetụta oke njide mmiri nke methyl cellulose. N'ozuzu, ka okpomọkụ dị elu, na-akawanye njọ njigide mmiri. Ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ nke ngwa agha gafere 40 Celsius C, njide mmiri nke methyl cellulose ga-adị njọ nke ukwuu, nke ga-emetụta nnukwu ihe owuwu nke ngwa agha ahụ.
④ Methyl cellulose na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na iwu na adhesion nke ngwa agha. “Adhesion” ebe a na-ezo aka na ike nrapado a na-enwe n'etiti ngwa ngwa onye ọrụ na mkpụrụ mgbidi, ya bụ, nkwụsi ike nke ngwa agha ahụ. Ngwunye ahụ dị elu, nkwụsị nke mgbochi nke ngwa agha dị ukwuu, ndị ọrụ na-achọkwa ike karị n'oge a na-eji ya eme ihe, na ịrụ ọrụ nke ngwa agha na-aghọ nke dara ogbenye. Methyl cellulose adhesion dị na agafeghị oke na ngwaahịa ether cellulose.
1.3.2 Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose bụ ngwaahịa eriri nke mmepụta na oriri ya na-abawanye ngwa ngwa n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya.
Ọ bụ ihe na-abụghị ionic cellulose agwakọta ether mere si a nụchara anụcha owu mgbe alkalization, na-eji propylene oxide na methyl chloride dị ka etherification agents, na site na usoro nke mmeghachi omume. Ọkwa nke nnọchi bụ n'ozuzu 1.5-2.0. Ngwongwo ya dị iche iche n'ihi oke dị iche iche nke ọdịnaya methoxyl na ọdịnaya hydroxypropyl. Ọdịnaya methoxyl dị elu na ọdịnaya hydroxypropyl dị ala, arụmọrụ dị nso na methyl cellulose; Ọdịnaya methoxyl dị ala na ọdịnaya hydroxypropyl dị elu, arụmọrụ dị nso na hydroxypropyl cellulose.
①Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose dị mfe soluble na mmiri oyi, ọ ga-esikwa ike igbari na mmiri ọkụ. Ma gelation okpomọkụ ya na mmiri ọkụ dị nnọọ elu karịa nke methyl cellulose. A na-emeziwanye ihe solubility na mmiri oyi ma e jiri ya tụnyere methyl cellulose.
② Viscosity nke hydroxypropyl methylcellulose metụtara ịdị arọ ya, na ịdị elu nke ịdị arọ molekụla, ka viscosity dị elu. Okpomọkụ na-emetụtakwa viscosity ya, ka okpomọkụ na-abawanye, viscosity na-ebelata. Mana viscosity ya anaghị emetụta okpomọkụ karịa methyl cellulose. Ngwọta ya kwụsiri ike mgbe echekwara ya na ụlọ okpomọkụ.
③Mkpụrụ mmiri nke hydroxypropyl methylcellulose na-adabere na ego mgbakwunye ya, viscosity, wdg, na ọnụ ọgụgụ njide mmiri ya n'okpuru otu ego mgbakwunye dị elu karịa nke methyl cellulose.
④Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kwụsiri ike na acid na alkali, na ngwọta mmiri ya kwụsiri ike na nso nke PH = 2-12. Caustic soda na mmiri lime enweghị mmetụta dị nta na arụmọrụ ya, mana alkali nwere ike mee ka mgbasa ya dị ngwa ma mee ka viscosity ya dịkwuo ntakịrị. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kwụsiri ike na nnu nkịtị, ma mgbe ntinye nke ngwọta nnu dị elu, viscosity nke hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ngwọta na-ebuli elu.
⑤Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose nwere ike jikọta ya na polymers mmiri na-agbaze iji mepụta otu ihe ngwọta na-enweghị atụ na viscosity dị elu. Dị ka mmanya polyvinyl, starch ether, chịngọm akwukwo nri, wdg.
⑥ Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose nwere nguzogide enzyme dị mma karịa methylcellulose, na ngwọta ya adịkwaghị ka ọ ga-emebi site na enzymes karịa methylcellulose.
⑦ Mgbakwunye nke hydroxypropyl methylcellulose na-ewu ngwa agha dị elu karịa nke methylcellulose.
1.3.3 Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)
A na-eme ya site na owu a nụchara anụcha na alkali, wee meghachi omume na ethylene oxide dị ka onye na-eme ka etherification na ọnụnọ acetone. Ọkwa nke nnọchi bụ n'ozuzu 1.5-2.0. Ọ nwere hydrophilicity siri ike ma dị mfe ịmịkọrọ mmiri.
①Hydroxyethyl cellulose bụ soluble na mmiri oyi, ma o siri ike igbari na mmiri ọkụ. Ngwọta ya kwụsiri ike na oke okpomọkụ na-enweghị gelling. Enwere ike iji ya ogologo oge n'okpuru nnukwu okpomọkụ na ngwa agha, mana njide mmiri ya dị ala karịa nke methyl cellulose.
②Hydroxyethyl cellulose kwụsiri ike na n'ozuzu acid na alkali. Alkali nwere ike mee ka mgbasa ya dịkwuo ngwa ma mee ka viscosity ya dịkwuo ntakịrị. Mgbasa ya na mmiri dị ntakịrị njọ karịa nke methyl cellulose na hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
③Hydroxyethyl cellulose nwere ezigbo mgbochi sag arụmọrụ maka ngwa agha, ma ọ nwere ogologo oge na-azụ azụ maka ciment.
④ Ọrụ nke hydroxyethyl cellulose nke ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ na-emepụta bụ n'ụzọ doro anya na ọ dị ala karịa nke methyl cellulose n'ihi nnukwu mmiri mmiri na ụbara uyi dị elu.
1.3.4 Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC) bụ nke eke emep uta eri (owu, hemp, wdg) mgbe alkali ọgwụgwọ, na-eji sodium monochloroacetate dị ka etherification gị n'ụlọnga, na-enwe usoro nke mmeghachi omume ọgwụgwọ na-eme ka ionic cellulose ether. Ogo nke nnọchi n'ozuzu bụ 0.4-1.4, na ogo nke nnọchi na-emetụta arụmọrụ ya nke ukwuu.
① Carboxymethyl cellulose bụ nke ukwuu hygroscopic, na ọ ga-enwe nnukwu ego nke mmiri mgbe echekwara n'okpuru izugbe ọnọdụ.
②Hydroxymethyl cellulose aqueous ngwọta agaghị emepụta gel, na viscosity ga-ebelata na mmụba nke okpomọkụ. Mgbe okpomọkụ gafere 50 ℃, viscosity agaghị agbanwe agbanwe.
③ pH na-emetụta nkwụsi ike ya nke ukwuu. N'ozuzu, enwere ike iji ya na ngwa ngwa gypsum, ma ọ bụghị n'igwe simenti. Mgbe nnukwu alkaline, ọ na-efunahụ viscosity.
④ Njide mmiri ya dị nnọọ ala karịa nke methyl cellulose. Ọ na-enwe mmetụta azụ azụ na ngwa agha nke gypsum ma na-ebelata ike ya. Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ahịa carboxymethyl cellulose dị nnọọ ala karịa nke methyl cellulose.
2. Mgbanwe starch ether
A na-emezi ethers starch nke a na-ejikarị na ngwa agha site na polymers eke nke ụfọdụ polysaccharides. Dị ka nduku, ọka, akpu, gua agwa, wdg na-gbanwere n'ime dị iche iche gbanwetụrụ starch ether. Starch ether nke a na-ejikarị na ngwa agha bụ hydroxypropyl starch ether, hydroxymethyl starch ether, wdg.
N'ozuzu, starch ethers nke a gbanwere site na poteto, ọka, na akpu nwere obere njide mmiri dị ala karịa ether cellulose. N'ihi mgbanwe dị iche iche nke mgbanwe ya, ọ na-egosi nkwụsi ike dị iche iche na acid na alkali. Ụfọdụ ngwaahịa dị mma maka iji ya na gypsum gypsum, ebe ndị ọzọ enweghị ike iji ya na ciment. Ngwa nke starch ether na ngwa agha na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ iji meziwanye ihe mgbochi nke ngwa agha, belata nrachi nke ngwa agha mmiri, na ịgbatị oge mmeghe.
A na-ejikarị ethers starch eme ihe na cellulose, na-ebute ihe mgbakwunye na uru nke ngwaahịa abụọ ahụ. Ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa starch ether dị ọnụ ala karịa cellulose ether, ntinye nke starch ether na ngwa agha ga-eweta mbelata dị ukwuu na ọnụahịa nke ngwa ngwa.
3. Guar gum ether
Guar gum ether bụ ụdị etherified polysaccharide nwere ihe pụrụ iche, nke a na-agbanwe site na agwa agwa gua. tumadi site na mmeghachi omume etherification n'etiti guar gum na acrylic functional groups, a na-emepụta usoro nwere otu ọrụ 2-hydroxypropyl, nke bụ usoro polygalactomannose.
①Tụnyere cellulose ether, guar gum ether dị mfe igbari na mmiri. PH n'ụzọ bụ isi enweghị mmetụta na arụmọrụ nke guar gum ether.
② N'okpuru ọnọdụ nke viscosity dị ala na obere doses, guar gum nwere ike dochie cellulose ether na nha nha, ma nwee njigide mmiri yiri ya. Ma agbanwe agbanwe, mgbochi sag, thixotropy na ndị ọzọ na-doro anya ka mma.
③ N'okpuru ọnọdụ nke viscosity dị elu na nnukwu usoro onunu ogwu, guar gum enweghị ike dochie cellulose ether, na ijikọta ngwakọta nke abụọ ga-emepụta arụmọrụ ka mma.
④ Ngwa nke guar chịngọm na ngwa agha nke gypsum nwere ike belata nke ọma n'oge a na-ewu ụlọ ma mee ka ihe owuwu ahụ dị nro. Ọ nweghị mmetụta ọjọọ na ịtọ oge na ike nke ngwa agha gypsum.
⑤ Mgbe a na-etinye guar chịngọm na ciment dabeere masonry na plasta ngwa agha, ọ nwere ike dochie cellulose ether na nha nha, na-enye ngwa agha na mma sagging iguzogide, thixotropy na ire ụtọ nke ewu.
⑥ Na ngwa agha nwere nnukwu viscosity na nnukwu ọdịnaya nke onye na-ejigide mmiri, guar gum na cellulose ether ga-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji nweta nsonaazụ dị mma.
⑦ A pụkwara iji chịngọm gọọmentị mee ihe na ngwaahịa ndị dị ka adhesives tile, ndị na-edozi onwe ha nke ala, putty na-eguzogide mmiri, na polymer motar maka mkpuchi mgbidi.
4. Gbanwee ịnweta mmiri na-ejigide thickener
A na-etinye akwa mmiri na-ejigide mmiri nke sitere na mineral eke sitere na mgbanwe na ngwakọta na China. Isi mineral ndị a na-eji akwadebe ihe ndị na-ejigide mmiri bụ: sepiolite, bentonite, montmorillonite, kaolin, wdg. mineral ndị a nwere ụfọdụ ihe na-ejigide mmiri na ihe na-eme ka mmiri sie ike site na mgbanwe dị ka ndị na-ejikọta ọnụ. Ụdị ihe mgbochi mmiri a na-etinye na ngwa agha nwere àgwà ndị a.
① Ọ nwere ike budata mma arụmọrụ nke nkịtị ngwa agha, na-edozi nsogbu nke ogbenye operability nke ciment ngwa agha, ala ike nke mbuaha ngwa agha, na ogbenye mmiri na-eguzogide.
② Ngwa ngwa ngwa nwere ike dị iche iche maka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ụlọ obodo nwere ike ịmepụta.
③ Ọnụ ego ihe onwunwe dị ala.
④ Mmiri na-ejide mmiri dị ala karịa nke ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri na-edozi mmiri, na ọnụ ahịa shrinkage akọrọ nke ngwa ngwa a kwadebere dị ntakịrị, na ịdị n'otu na-ebelata.
Oge nzipu: Mar-03-2023