Admixtures na-ekere òkè dị mkpa n'ịkwalite arụmọrụ nke ụlọ akọrọ-agwakọta ngwa agha, ma mgbakwunye nke akọrọ-agwakọta ngwa agha na-eme ka ihe onwunwe na-eri nke akọrọ-agwakọta ngwa agha ngwaahịa budata elu karịa nke omenala ngwa agha, nke na-akpata ihe karịrị 40% nke. ihe onwunwe na-eri na akọrọ-agwakọta ngwa agha.
Dabere na ihe ndị a dị n'elu, akwụkwọ a na-enyocha ma na-atụnyere ụfọdụ ihe ndị bụ isi nke ihe ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe, na ndabere nke a, na-amụ ọrụ nke ngwa ngwa agwakọta akọrọ site na iji admixtures.
1. Onye na-ejigide mmiri
Ihe na-ejigide mmiri bụ isi ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị mma na-arụ ọrụ nke ngwa ngwa agwakọta akọrọ, na ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ihe ndị dị mkpa iji chọpụta ego nke ngwa ngwa agwakọta akọrọ.
1.1 Cellulose ether
Cellulose ether bụ okwu n'ozuzu maka usoro ngwaahịa na-emepụta site na mmeghachi omume nke cellulose alkali na etherifying n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. Alkali cellulose na-anọchi anya dị iche iche etherifying ọrụ iji nweta dị iche iche cellulose ethers. Dị ka ionization Njirimara nke nnọchi, cellulose ethers nwere ike kewaa ụzọ abụọ: ionic (dị ka carboxymethyl cellulose) na-abụghị ionic (dị ka methyl cellulose). Dị ka ụdị nke nnọchi, cellulose ether nwere ike kewaa monoether (dị ka methyl cellulose) na ngwakọta ether (dị ka hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose). Dị ka dị iche iche solubility, ọ nwere ike kewara n'ime mmiri-soluble (dị ka hydroxyethyl cellulose) na organic mgbaze-soluble (dị ka ethyl cellulose), wdg Dry-agwakọta ngwa agha bụ tumadi mmiri-soluble cellulose, na mmiri-soluble cellulose bụ. kewara n'ime ụdị ngwa ngwa na elu ọgwụgwọ na-egbu oge ụdị mgbasa.
Usoro ọrụ nke cellulose ether na ngwa agha bụ ndị a:
(1) Mgbe ether cellulose dị na ngwa agha gbazere na mmiri, a na-eme ka nkesa dị irè na nke dị n'otu nke cimenti dị na usoro ahụ n'ihi ọrụ elu, na ether cellulose, dị ka colloid nchebe, "na-ekpuchi" ihe siri ike. A na-emepụta ihe nkiri na A oyi akwa nke ihe nkiri lubricating n'elu elu ya, nke na-eme ka usoro ngwa agha kwụsie ike, ma na-eme ka mmiri dị na ngwa ngwa n'oge usoro ngwakọta na ire ụtọ nke ihe owuwu.
(2) N'ihi usoro ihe omimi nke ya, ihe ngwọta cellulose ether na-eme ka mmiri dị na ngwa ngwa ghara ịdị mfe, ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ hapụ ya ogologo oge, na-enye ngwa agha ahụ nke ọma na njide mmiri na ịrụ ọrụ.
1.1.1 Usoro ihe omimi nke methyl cellulose (MC) [C6H7O2 (OH) 3-h (OCH3) n] x
Mgbe ejiri alkali mesoo owu a nụchara anụcha, a na-emepụta cellulose ether site na mmeghachi omume nke methane chloride dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe. N'ozuzu, ogo nke nnọchi bụ 1.6 ~ 2.0, na solubility dịkwa iche na ọkwa dị iche iche nke nnọchi. Ọ bụ nke cellulose ether na-abụghị ionic.
(1) Methylcellulose na-agbaze na mmiri oyi, ọ ga-esikwa ike igbari na mmiri ọkụ. Ihe ngwọta ya na-edozi ahụ kwụsiri ike na pH = 3 ~ 12. Ọ nwere ezigbo ndakọrịta na starch, guar gum, wdg na ọtụtụ surfactants. Mgbe okpomọkụ na-erute okpomọkụ gelation, gelation na-eme.
(2) Njide mmiri nke methyl cellulose na-adabere na ego mgbakwunye ya, viscosity, urughuru mma na mgbasa ozi. N'ozuzu, ọ bụrụ na ego mgbakwunye buru ibu, ịdị mma dị ntakịrị, na viscosity dị ukwuu, ọnụ ọgụgụ njide mmiri dị elu. N'ime ha, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mgbakwunye na-enwe mmetụta kachasị ukwuu na njide mmiri, na ọkwa nke viscosity adịghị adabere kpọmkwem na ọkwa nke njide mmiri. The mgbasa ọnụego tumadi na-adabere n'ókè nke elu mgbanwe nke cellulose ahụ na urughuru fineness. N'ime cellulose ethers dị n'elu, methyl cellulose na hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ njide mmiri dị elu.
(3) Mgbanwe na okpomọkụ ga-emetụta oke njide mmiri nke methyl cellulose. N'ozuzu, ka okpomọkụ dị elu, na-akawanye njọ njigide mmiri. Ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ nke ngwa agha gafere 40 Celsius, njide mmiri nke methyl cellulose ga-ebelata nke ukwuu, na-emetụta nrụnye ngwa ngwa.
(4) Methyl cellulose nwere mmetụta dị ịrịba ama n'iwu na adhesion nke ngwa agha. “Adhesion” ebe a na-ezo aka na ike nrapado a na-enwe n'etiti ngwa ngwa onye ọrụ na mkpụrụ mgbidi, ya bụ, nkwụsi ike nke ngwa agha ahụ. Nchikota dị elu, nkwụsị nke mgbochi nke ngwa agha dị ukwuu, na ike nke ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-arụkwa ọrụ buru ibu, na ịrụ ọrụ nke ngwa agha adịghị mma. Methyl cellulose adhesion dị na agafeghị oke na ngwaahịa ether cellulose.
1.1.2 Usoro ihe omimi nke hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) bụ [C6H7O2 (OH) 3-mn (OCH3) m, OCH2CH (OH) CH3] n] x
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose bụ ụdị cellulose nke mmepụta na oriri ya na-abawanye ngwa ngwa n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. Ọ bụ ether na-abụghị ionic cellulose agwakọta nke sitere na owu a nụchara anụcha mgbe alkalization, na-eji propylene oxide na methyl chloride dị ka onye na-ahụ maka etherification, site na usoro mmeghachi omume. Ogo nke nnọchi bụ n'ozuzu 1.2 ~ 2.0. Ngwongwo ya dị iche iche n'ihi oke dị iche iche nke ọdịnaya metxyl na ọdịnaya hydroxypropyl.
(1) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose na-adị mfe mgbaze na mmiri oyi, ọ ga-enwekwa ihe isi ike na igbari na mmiri ọkụ. Ma gelation okpomọkụ ya na mmiri ọkụ dị nnọọ elu karịa nke methyl cellulose. A na-emeziwanye ihe solubility na mmiri oyi ma e jiri ya tụnyere methyl cellulose.
(2) Viscosity nke hydroxypropyl methylcellulose na-ejikọta ya na arọ molekụla ya, na ibu ibu nke molekụla, otú ahụ ka viscosity dị elu. Okpomọkụ na-emetụtakwa viscosity ya, ka okpomọkụ na-abawanye, viscosity na-ebelata. Otú ọ dị, nnukwu viscosity ya nwere mmetụta okpomọkụ dị ala karịa methyl cellulose. Ngwọta ya kwụsiri ike mgbe echekwara ya na ụlọ okpomọkụ.
(3) Njide mmiri nke hydroxypropyl methylcellulose na-adabere na ego mgbakwunye ya, viscosity, wdg, na ọnụ ọgụgụ njide mmiri ya n'okpuru otu ihe mgbakwunye ahụ dị elu karịa nke methyl cellulose.
(4) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kwụsiri ike na acid na alkali, na ngwọta mmiri ya kwụsiri ike na pH = 2 ~ 12. Caustic soda na mmiri lime enweghị mmetụta dị nta na arụmọrụ ya, mana alkali nwere ike mee ka mgbasa ya dị ngwa ma mee ka viscosity ya dịkwuo elu. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kwụsiri ike na nnu nkịtị, ma mgbe ntinye nke ngwọta nnu dị elu, viscosity nke hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ngwọta na-ebuli elu.
(5) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose nwere ike ịgwakọta ya na mmiri-soluble polymer ogige na-etolite a edo na elu viscosity ngwọta. Dị ka mmanya polyvinyl, starch ether, chịngọm akwukwo nri, wdg.
(6) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose nwere nguzogide enzyme dị mma karịa methylcellulose, na ngwọta ya adịkwaghị ka ọ ga-emebi site na enzymes karịa methylcellulose.
(7) Nrapanye nke hydroxypropyl methylcellulose na mgbidi ngwa agha dị elu karịa nke methylcellulose.
1.1.3 Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC)
A na-eme ya site na owu a nụchara anụcha na alkali, wee meghachi omume na ethylene oxide dị ka onye na-eme ka etherification na ọnụnọ acetone. Ogo nke nnọchi bụ n'ozuzu 1.5 ~ 2.0. Ọ nwere hydrophilicity siri ike ma dị mfe ịmịkọrọ mmiri.
(1) Hydroxyethyl cellulose na-agbaze na mmiri oyi, ma ọ na-esiri ike igbari na mmiri ọkụ. Ngwọta ya kwụsiri ike na oke okpomọkụ na-enweghị gelling. Enwere ike iji ya ogologo oge n'okpuru nnukwu okpomọkụ na ngwa agha, mana njide mmiri ya dị ala karịa nke methyl cellulose.
(2) Hydroxyethyl cellulose kwụsiri ike ruo n'ozuzu acid na alkali. Alkali nwere ike mee ka mgbasa ya dịkwuo ngwa ma mee ka viscosity ya dịkwuo ntakịrị. Mgbasa ya na mmiri dị ntakịrị njọ karịa nke methyl cellulose na hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. .
(3) Hydroxyethyl cellulose nwere ezigbo mgbochi sag arụmọrụ maka ngwa agha, ma ọ nwere ogologo oge na-azụ azụ maka ciment.
1.1.4 Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) [C6H7O2 (OH) 2och2COONa] n
A na-eme ether cellulose ionic site na eriri eke (owu, wdg) mgbe ọgwụgwọ alkali gasịrị, na-eji sodium monochloroacetate dị ka onye na-ahụ maka etherification, ma na-enweta usoro ọgwụgwọ mmeghachi omume. Ogo nke nnọchi n'ozuzu bụ 0.4 ~ 1.4, na ogo nke nnọchi na-emetụta arụmọrụ ya nke ukwuu.
(1) Carboxymethyl cellulose bụ ihe hygroscopic karịa, ọ ga-enwekwa mmiri karịa mgbe echekwara ya n'okpuru ọnọdụ izugbe.
(2) Carboxymethyl cellulose ngwọta mmiri agaghị emepụta gel, na viscosity ga-ebelata na mmụba nke okpomọkụ. Mgbe okpomọkụ gafere 50 Celsius, viscosity agaghị agbanwe agbanwe.
(3) Nkwụsi ike ya na-emetụta pH nke ukwuu. N'ozuzu, enwere ike iji ya na ngwa ngwa gypsum, ma ọ bụghị n'igwe simenti. Mgbe nnukwu alkaline, ọ na-efunahụ viscosity.
(4) Njide mmiri ya dị nnọọ ala karịa nke methyl cellulose. Ọ na-enwe mmetụta azụ azụ na ngwa agha nke gypsum ma na-ebelata ike ya. Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ahịa carboxymethyl cellulose dị nnọọ ala karịa nke methyl cellulose.
Oge nzipu: Mar-23-2023